Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

Process used for the collection, analysis and interpretation of data concerning in particular human biology, health and medicine. In a defined population, the pattern, causes and effects of health and disease are studied and analysed by a process called epidemiology. The art of science to prevent disease, prolong life and promote human health through original efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals is referred to Public Health.

•         Statistical methods

•         Big Data Analytics

•         Structural bioinformatics

The device can be used alone or in combination in the field of the instrument, software including the intended software and its manufacture to be used specifically for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and necessary for its correct application to be used for humans. Medical devices vary according to their intended use and indications. Examples range from simple devices like tongue depressors, medical thermometers, and disposable gloves to advanced devices like computers that help perform medical tests, implants, and prosthetics.

•         Ultrasound and MRI machines

•         PET and CT scanners

•         X-ray machines

•         Continuous passive range of motion (CPM)

For disease diagnosis, the biomedical model of medicine plays an important role between doctor and patient. Biological factors focused only by the biomedical model of the mid-19th century. The biomedical model frees health from disease, pain or the senses to make the human condition healthy. The model's emphasis on physical processes plays no role for social or individual factors. The biomedical model does not consider the diagnosis, which affects the treatment of the patient, as the result of a negotiation.

•         Medical Model

•         Medical Model of Disability

•         Biomedical Signal Processing

•         Biomedical Imaging

Biomedical diagnosis is the study of procedures that provide information to support the term is used, but in case of the actual misdiagnosis, disease or condition is not the same as an individual's diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis is the process by which disease is diagnosed in the laboratory, except for physical examination. Radiological diagnosis is the process by which the diagnosis is made based on the results of medical imaging studies. Disease screening, detection, diagnosis and surveillance. The diagnostic procedure can be performed by a doctor, health scientist, dentist, and pediatrician. Based on the individual medical conditions, the diagnostic procedure can be separated.

•         Laboratory diagnosis

•         Radiological diagnosis

•         Biomedical signals

•         Diagnostic therapy

Biomedical science is the study of the human physiology. Medical microbiology is a study of the inhibition, diagnosis, and treatment of various infectious diseases related to medical microbiology. In addition, for the improvement of health, this scientific field studies various clinical applications of microbes. Clinical virology is the isolation of one or more viruses responsible for human pathologies by direct or indirect techniques (cell cultures, serology, biochemistry, molecular biology) and is related to clinical virology. Genetic epidemiology is the study the role of genetic factors in determining the health and disease of families and populations, and the interaction of these genetic factors with environmental factors.

•         Medical Microbiology

•         Clinical Virology

•         Clinical Epidemiology

In order to improve the diagnosis, prediction and treatment of complex medical diseases, a process called computational biomedicine has been developed. Computational Biomedicine is the name given to the use of computational tools and approaches to simulate and model the human body in health and disease. In the European Union, this new science has become synonymous with the concept of Virtual Human Physiology (HPV).

•         Modelling

•         Physiological human

•         Molecular dynamics

•         Image processing

The process by which molecular structures and mechanisms are desired in the field of using physical, chemical, biological, biostatic techniques and medical is called Molecular Medicine. This field has mainly focused on cellular and molecular phenomena rather than on patients and organs. It also identifies genetic errors in the disease and develops molecularly.

•         Metabolomics

•         Molecular pathology

•         Molecular diagnostics

       •         Nuclear medicine

Patients are divided into different groups according to their medical decision, practice, intervention or risk of disease, the term called personalized is used in medicine. It is also called precision medicine, layering medicine, and p4 medicine. In personalized medicine, based on the context of a patient's genetic content or other molecular or cellular analyses, diagnostic tests are often used to select appropriate and optimal therapies Biomarker pathways

•         Personalized medicine and its innovations

•         Personalized pharmacotherapy

•         Genomics and personalized medicine

Organ and tissue systems can be developed using chemical, physical and biological methods, the process is known as the tissue system. Pathology is both a pure and applied science, and within the NHS it is responsible for providing laboratory diagnostic tests of tissues, blood and other fluids and for using laboratory tests to assess the patient responses to treatment. Cell biology is an important driver of all aspects of biomedicine. . The diagnosis of disease increasingly relies on genetic, molecular and cellular markings, and drug discovery has moved from blind screening to targeted molecular design based on our genetic, molecular and cellular understanding of a disease.

 • Tissue Engineering

 • Cell Biology

 • Parasitology

 • Virology

 • Physiology

In physicians, medical therapy refers specifically to drug therapy as opposed to clinical or other therapy the term is sometimes used, for example, in oncology, medical oncology is thus distinguished from surgical oncology. The economical use of drugs is guaranteed by the pharmacist through the process of drug therapy. Knowledge, training and experience in biomedical, pharmaceutical and clinical sciences require the skills required to practice the profession of pharmacist. Pharmacotherapy improved compared to pharmacology. The process used for the collection, analysis and interpretation of data relating in particular to human biology, health and medicine.

•         Pharmaceutical analysis

•         Pharmaceutical engineering

•         Drug discovery and development

•         Bioinstrumentation

•         Pharmacokinetics

Biopharmaceutical examines the interrelationship of the drug based on the physical or chemical properties, the dosage form in which the drug is administered and the route of administration on the rate and extent of the drug systemic absorption of the drug. The importance of the substance and the formulation of the drug on the absorption and delivery of the drug in vivo to the site of action is described as a sequence of events preceding the onset of the therapeutic effect of a drug.

•         Pharmacokinetics of drugs

•         Efficacy of pharmaceuticals

•         Xenobiotics

       •         Applied biopharmaceuticals

The study of the action of drugs in relation to pharmacology is the branch of biology, in which a drug can be broadly defined as any artificial, natural or endogenous molecule (from inside the body) that exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ or organism. The factor affects the normal or abnormal biochemical function that occurs between a living organism and chemicals specifically, it is the study of interactions. If the substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceutical. Basics of signal transduction / cellular communication composition and drug properties, drug synthesis and design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ / system mechanisms, molecular Field includes diagnostics, interactions, toxicology, chemical biology , therapy, medical applications and antipathogenic capacity.

•         Clinical Pharmacology

•         Endocrine Pharmacology

•         Neuropsychologist

Pharmacy is the pharmaceutical discipline that deals with the process of transforming a new chemical entity (NCE) or old drugs into a drug to be used in a meaningful way safe and effective for patients. The science of dosage form design is also linked to pharmaceutical technology. There are many chemicals with pharmacological properties, but they require special measures to help them reach therapeutically relevant amounts at their sites of action. The drug formulation method is designed by pharmacists for administration and placement in the body which play an important role. Pharmaceuticals are about the formulation of a pure drug substance into a dosage form. Pure drug substances are usually white or amorphous crystalline powders.

•         Molecular isotope engineering

•         Drug management

•         Pharmacodynamics

At the atomic, molecular and macromolecular level, the development of engineering devices is known as nanotechnology. Nanoparticles have potential applications in the medical field, particularly in diagnostics and therapy. Nanotechnology devices are being developed for the diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases that can aid in the early diagnosis of the disease. Advances in nanotechnology have been observed in the areas of drug discovery, drug delivery and gene delivery. Nanoparticles can be constructed with various methodologies so that the effect can be targeted at the desired site. In this review, the application of nanoparticles in medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes can be used at the clinical level.

•         Green Nanotechnology

•         Nano-engineering

•         Wet Nanotechnology

•         Nano-biotechnology

Medicines derived from plants or other natural sources are the study of the medicinal branch related to pharmacognosy. The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, narcotics or potential drugs or narcotic substances of natural origin as well as drugs of natural origin of crude drugs. Although most pharmacognostic studies focus on plants and medicinal products derived from plants, other types of organisms are also considered to be of pharmacognostic interest, in particular various types of microbes and, recently, various marine organisms. Secondary metabolite is the study of molecules of natural products that the term defines as pharmacognosy because they are useful for their medicinal, ecological, taste or other properties.

•         Primary and secondary metabolites

•         Phytotherapy

•         Essential oils and pure isolates

•         Medicinal and aromatic plant

The application of immunological techniques which deals with immunopharmacology in particular on the immune system. Before the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunise, which in Latin means "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be shown to be essential components of the immune system. Important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow and major lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids and liver., Organs including thymus, spleen , bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues that are part of the immune system can be removed surgically.

 • Immunotolerance

 • Immunobiology

 • Adoptive immunity

 • Innate immunity

The involvement of drugs that discover, develop, manufacture and market drugs or drugs is the branch related to the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical companies can process generic or branded drugs and medical devices. They are subject to a number of laws and regulations governing patentability, testing, safety, efficacy, and medicines. Today, the root of the pharmaceutical industry points to two sources. The first were local pharmacies that shifted from their traditional role of distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacturing in the mid-1800s.

•        Product Management

•         Good Manufacturing Practices

•         Marketing pharmaceutical

•         Pharmaceutical production